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EN The socio-cultural environment has since antiquity been the subject of philosophical reflection — e.g., Tukidides Peloponnesian War (Gr. Ιστορία του πελοποννησιακού πολέμου), Herodotus History (Gr. Ἱστορίαι) or Cicero Tusculan Discourses (Lat. Tusculanae disputationes). In modern-day it has become a subject of complex reflection. An innovative approach has changed the understanding of the social environment and its influence on an individual. In this sense, security has become one of the essential analytical categories crucial for the development and survival of human beings as individuals, groups, nations, and organizations as state and non-state actors. In the twentieth century, security studies began to aspire to a university discipline, which was associated with the recent status of knowledge constituted within the framework of methodological studies. It is worth mentioning here two stages in the knowledge process transformation into so-called scientific knowledge. The first stage is an immanent stage — it is characterised by the lack of epistemic autonomy, theoretical-cognitive distinctiveness, as well as the lack of methodological control over knowledge growth. The second stage is the articulated stage — it is characterised by epistemic distinctness with its specific research procedures for collecting data, formulating hypotheses, and verifying them

312

A/3250 + CD-ROM

Bibliografia, netografia na stronach 301-312.

Agnieszka Filipek

Siedlce, Polska

19.04.2022

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Krzysztof Drabik

Siedlce, Polska

31.05.2022

polish

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dissertation

Warszawa, Polska

24.06.2022

Akademia Sztuki Wojennej

doktor